󱧓󱧔󱧕󱧖󱧗󱧘󱧙󱧚󱧛 Topic 1 Introduction of Microbial World (

  )
 (Introduction):
  (Microbiology)              
       ,  (Microscope)    
   Microorganisms  Microbes  
           
, , , , ,  ,           
         
    ,      ,   (biofertilizers)  ,
   (biopesticides)     
 ,    (pathogenic)            
     (History of Microbiology):
Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1675):
           
 “Father of Microbiology 
Louis Pasteur (18221895):
 Germ Theory of Disease”        
 Pasteurization       (Vaccination)   
Pasteur  Father of Modern Microbiology”  
Robert Koch (18431910):
 Bacillus anthracis       
Koch’s postulates         
Winogradsky & Beijerinck:
    (Soil Microbiology)     
  
  
 (Major Groups of Microorganisms):
1. Bacteria ():
o  (unicellular)
  
o  nucleus   (prokaryotic)
o     ,    
    
o : Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Lactobacillus
2. Fungi ():
o  
 (multicellular)       chitin  
o 
    humus  
o
   
o : Aspergillus, Penicillium, Trichoderma
3. Algae ():
o    
 ,
     
o
  Blue Green Algae (Cyanobacteria)  Anabaena, Nostoc    
    
4. Actinomycetes:
o  
        
o       
  
o        ( Streptomycin, Tetracycline)
5. Viruses ():
o      

o        
o    
     
o : Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV), Inuenza virus
6. Protozoa ():
o         
o
  ,  Plasmodium (  )
   (Classication) :
  Broadly      
1. Prokaryotes:
 nucleus    Bacteria, Cyanobacteria
2. Eukaryotes:
 well-defined nucleus    Fungi, Algae, Protozoa
 
  (Agricultural Importance of Microbes):
1.     :
o     
(Rhizobium, Azotobacter)  
  
o 
 
(Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria)  
 
2.   (Biofertilizers):
o 
 
       
o         
o : Rhizobium, Azospirillum, BGA, Mycorrhiza
3.   (Decomposition and Recycling):
o

      
    

o          
4.   (Biological Control):
o
         
o  Trichoderma
 (fungicide)      ,
Bacillus thuringiensis      
5.  :
o   
         
 
6. Mycorrhiza:
o      
   ,
   ,         
7. Blue Green Algae (BGA)  Azolla:
o     
      
o  -
  

 (Harmful Microorganisms):
     ,
  
    
o :
Xanthomonas oryzae  
 
Fusarium oxysporum
   (Wilt)
Rhizoctonia solani  
     
 
 
:
     (Biodegradation)
    (Methanogens) 

  (Bioremediation) — 
    



    
 
  

 (Modern Applications):
      
    (biopesticides)
   (Soil Health) 
   microbial inoculants  
    bio-composting 
  DNA recombinant technology     

  (Key Points):
  (Ubiquitous)         

  (Agricultural Microbiology) 

 ,   
 
       
  
 
   
  

   
    