Topic 1 — Introduction of Microbial World (
)
(Introduction):
(Microbiology)
, (Microscope)
Microorganisms Microbes
—
, , , , , ,
, , (biofertilizers) ,
(biopesticides)
, (pathogenic)
(History of Microbiology):
• Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1675):
“Father of Microbiology”
• Louis Pasteur (1822–1895):
“Germ Theory of Disease” —
Pasteurization (Vaccination)
Pasteur “Father of Modern Microbiology”
• Robert Koch (1843–1910):
Bacillus anthracis
Koch’s postulates
• Winogradsky & Beijerinck:
(Soil Microbiology)
(Major Groups of Microorganisms):
1. Bacteria ():
o (unicellular)
o nucleus (prokaryotic)
o ,
o : Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Lactobacillus
2. Fungi ():
o
(multicellular) chitin
o
humus
o
o : Aspergillus, Penicillium, Trichoderma
3. Algae ():
o
,
o
Blue Green Algae (Cyanobacteria) Anabaena, Nostoc
4. Actinomycetes:
o
o
o ( Streptomycin, Tetracycline)
5. Viruses ():
o
o
o
o : Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV), Inuenza virus
6. Protozoa ():
o
o
, Plasmodium ( )
(Classication) :
Broadly —
1. Prokaryotes:
nucleus — Bacteria, Cyanobacteria
2. Eukaryotes:
well-defined nucleus — Fungi, Algae, Protozoa
(Agricultural Importance of Microbes):
1. :
o
(Rhizobium, Azotobacter)
o
(Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria)
2. (Biofertilizers):
o
o
o : Rhizobium, Azospirillum, BGA, Mycorrhiza
3. (Decomposition and Recycling):
o
o
4. (Biological Control):
o
o Trichoderma
(fungicide) ,
Bacillus thuringiensis
5. :
o
6. Mycorrhiza:
o
,
,
7. Blue Green Algae (BGA) Azolla:
o
o -
(Harmful Microorganisms):
•
,
o :
▪ Xanthomonas oryzae —
▪ Fusarium oxysporum —
(Wilt)
▪ Rhizoctonia solani —
•
:
• (Biodegradation)
• (Methanogens)
• (Bioremediation) —
•
(Modern Applications):
•
•
(biopesticides)
• (Soil Health)
microbial inoculants
•
bio-composting
• DNA recombinant technology
(Key Points):
•
(Ubiquitous) —
•
(Agricultural Microbiology)
—
“ ,
”
•
“
”
•
